A glucagon nasal spray has recently been approved by the FDA for hypoglycaemia rescue.

t1/2 = 8-18 min (up to 45 min following IM injection due to slower systemic absorption).

rapidly metabolised in plasma, liver and kidney (each accounts for about a third of metabolic clearance).

Peak plasma levels at 13 minutes for IM injection and 20 minutes for SC injection.

IV: effects begin within 1–3 minutes, are maximal at 5–7 minutes, and last 10–15 minutes.

degraded by proteolysis in the GI tract.

tachyphylaxis with continued use in laboratory studies.

dose-dependent nausea and vomiting (especially after large boluses).

Traditionally used for beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker overdose, now largely abandoned by Australian toxicologists.

Anaphylaxis in patients on beta-blockers that fail to respond to adrenaline.

Hypogylcemia rescue (especially prehospital).

If clinical response then start infusion of 2-5mg/h in 5% dextrose.

5mg IV bolus then repeat after 5min if no effect.

calcitonin by medullary carcinoma cellsīeta-blocker or Calcium channel blocker toxicity.

Pharmacological doses of glucagon also causes secretion of:.

No effect on skeletal muscle (no glucagon receptors).

LES): GI relaxation (may be caused by mechanisms independent of adenylyl cyclase)

Liver and adipose tissue: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis resulting in increased blood glucose and ketones.

CVS: positive inotropy and chronotropy similar to beta-agonists (but bypassing the adrenergic receptor).

Agonist at glucagon-specific Gs-protein coupled receptor, activates adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased i.glucagon HCl 1mg lyophilsied powder/ 1 mL solvent in vials or pre-filled syringes.polypeptide hormone (29 amino acids, MWt 3485 g/mol) secreted by alpha cells of the pancreas.

Glucagon beta blocker antidote